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Question 1
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size due to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Answer
B. HypertrophyQuestion 2
In apoptosis, nuclear fragmentation into multiple small pieces is called:
A. Karyolysis
B. Pyknosis
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Oncosis
Answer
C. KaryorrhexisQuestion 3
Which cell type is the first to arrive at a site of acute inflammation?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Lymphocytes
D. Fibroblasts
Answer
A. NeutrophilsQuestion 4
Which type of necrosis is most often associated with immune-mediated vascular injury?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Fibrinoid necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer
C. Fibrinoid necrosisQuestion 5
Which term best describes a benign epithelial tumor derived from glandular tissue?
A. Papilloma
B. Adenoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Sarcoma
Answer
B. AdenomaQuestion 6
Which of the following is a reversible cell injury?
A, Nuclear pyknosis
B. Mitochondrial swelling
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Plasma membrane rupture
Answer
B. Mitochondrial swellingQuestion 7
Which organelle is most associated with apoptosis initiation?
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi apparatus
Answer
C. MitochondriaQuestion 8
Which inflammatory cell type predominates in chronic inflammation?
A. Neutrophils
B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells
D. Eosinophils
Answer
B. MacrophagesQuestion 9
What is the main histologic feature of granulomatous inflammation?
A. Clusters of neutrophils
B. Aggregates of activated macrophages (epitheliod cells)
C. Dense collagen scarring
D. Caseous necrosis
Answer
B. Aggregates of activated macrophages (epithelioid cells)Question 10
Which type of hypersensitivity is responsible for immune complex–mediated injury (e.g., post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis)?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer
C. Type IIIQuestion 11
Telomerase activity is most important for which of the following cell populations?
A. Neurons
B. Germ cells
C. Skeletal muscle cells
D. Mature red blood cells
Answer
B. Germ cellsQuestion 12
Which type of calcification occurs in previously injured or necrotic tissue?
A. Metastatic calcification
B. Dystrophic calcification
C. Physiologic calcification
D. Pathologic calcification
Answer
B. Dystrophic calcificationQuestion 13
Which cytokine is most responsible for inducing fever during inflammation?
A. Interleukin-10
B. Interleukin-1
C. Interleukin-8
D. Interleukin-12
Answer
B. Interleukin-1Question 14
Which type of embolus is most commonly associated with long bone fractures?
A. Fat embolus
B. Amniotic fluid embolus
C. Air embolus
D. Septic embolus
Answer
A. Fat embolusQuestion 15
Which inheritance pattern is characterized by no male-to-male transmission and typically affects males more severely than females?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive
D. X-linked dominant
Answer
C. X-linked recessiveQuestion 16
Which hypersensitivity reaction type is mediated by T lymphocytes rather than antibodies?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer
D. Type IVQuestion 17
The ability of tumor cells to invade and metastasize is most closely linked to loss of which adhesion molecule?
A. E-cadherin
B. Laminin
C. Fibronectin
D. Integrin
Answer
A. E-cadherinQuestion 18
Which bacterial organism is most strongly associated with the development of gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma?
A. Clostridium difficile
B. Helicobacter pylori
C. Escherichia coli
D. Listeria monocytogenes
Answer
B. Helicobacter pyloriQuestion 19
Which vitamin deficiency is classically associated with night blindness?
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin K
Answer
C. Vitamin AQuestion 20
Which neonatal condition is characterized by hyaline membrane formation in the lungs due to surfactant deficiency?
A. Necrotizing enterocolitis
B. Neonatal sepsis
C. Respiratory distress syndrome
D. Cystic fibrosis
Answer
C. Respiratory distress syndromeNext Steps
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